Psychology of Learning - 3059 Words

PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential. Behavior potential designates the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior. The main assumption behind all learning psychology is that the effects of the environment, conditioning, reinforcement, etc. provide psychologists with the best information from which to understand human behavior. As opposed to short term changes in behavior potential (caused e.g. by fatigue) learning implies long term changes. As opposed to long term changes caused by aging and development, learning implies changes related directly to experience. Learning theories try to better understand how the learning process works.†¦show more content†¦In his initial experiments, Pavlov rang a bell and then gave the dog food; after a few repetitions, the dogs started to salivate in response to the bell. Pavlov called the bell the conditioned (or conditional) stimulus (CS) because its effects depend on its association with food. He called the food the unconditioned stimulus (US) because its effects did not depend on previous experience. Likewise, the response to the CS was the conditioned response (CR) and that to the US was the unconditioned response (UR). The timing between the presentation of the CS and US affects both the learning and the performance of the conditioned response. Pavlov found that the shorter the interval between the ringing of the bell and the appearance of the food, the stronger and quicker the dog learned the conditioned response. Forward conditioning Learning is fastest in forward conditioning. During forward conditioning, the onset of the CS precedes the onset of the US in order to signal that the US will follow. Two common forms of forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning. Delay conditioning: In delay conditioning the CS is presented and is overlapped by the presentation of the US. The difference between Trace conditioning and Delay conditioning is that in the delayed procedure the CS and US overlap.For example: We often hear the thunder before the lightning has faded from view. Trace conditioning: During traceShow MoreRelatedPsychology : The Learning Perspective Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology is a broad subject filled with many different theories, several theories of which that were particularly interesting fall under the topic â€Å"The Learning Perspective†. In fact, Learning is described as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught. This paper takes a leap further into the psychology and true meaning behind the Learning Perspective, as well as its Biological Importance in our everyday lives. The ideology behind his perspective basicallyRead More psychology and learning Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesto the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learni ng may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classical conditioningRead MoreApplications for Psychology in Adult Learning1319 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology and adult learning are inherently linked given their focus upon the internal processes of the mind. The field of psychology has increasingly been applied to inform the adult education practice. Psychology is oftentimes incorporated into the foundation of the training that is received by adult educators in training. The field of psychology provides answers to questions that are common within adult education. These questions include â€Å"What motivates students to attend classes? ThroughRead MoreCognitive Learning - Educational Psychology1074 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Cognitive psychology has long been an integral part of psychology. It has a direct impact on how educator’s look to improve the teaching and learning process. (Huitt 2006) Much research is done on how we process information. There have been numerous models created to help illustrate this process. Metacognition is also important to educators in it allows a learner to judge how well they are learning a particular subject. There are many ways that we process information. TheoristsRead MoreEducational Psychology : Teaching And Learning Process758 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Psychology is a division of psychology that works with the education of children, teaching methods, guidance, and the assessment of aptitude and development. The main purpose of educational psychology is to understand and improve the teaching and learning process. Within my classroom, I encounter dialect differences on a daily basis. I am exposed to a southern dialect in my classroom. As a teacher, I must be sensitive to the difference in those students’ dialects. I could also ensureRead MorePsychology : Learning, Development, Stress And Health, And Personality Theories1590 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions would be no, and that’s fine. Psychology plays a major role in the way we are brought up and who we are today. Believe it or not, the way we are taught and the way we are are today deals with the way our brain has grown and developed throughout our years on this earth. During psychology class, I learned about many different theories that different people came up with to clarify how we act today. In this paper i’m going to use my knowledge of learning, development, stress and health, and personalityRead MoreExperiential Learning Theory : Carl Rogerss Approach To Psychology936 Words   |  4 PagesExperiential Learning is the art of learning from one’s own physical experiences in real life. The theory was developed by a man named Carl Rogers. The Experiential Learning theory originates from his views about psychotherapy and humanistic approach to psychology. He believes that Experiential Learning is equivalent to personal change and growth. He feels the all humans have a natural tendency to learn. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was a civil engineerRead MoreThe Origin and Importance of Learning the Basic Principles and Methodology of Psychology2182 Words   |  9 Pagesstimulating and the professor has most definitely imparted knowledge pertaining to psychology in a very comprehensive and relative manner. We start out with the very basics of Psychology and we try to build up from those fundamental concepts such that it is not only easy to retain the concepts but also apply them in everyday definition. While building this rudimentary level, we learn that the first instance of learning about conscience can be dated as far back as the advancement of the European societyRead MoreBiological Psychology : The Biological Bases Of Psychological Processes, Behavior, And Learning1722 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Psychology is defined as a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning. Social Psychology is defined as the scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Looking at both aspects of psychology we see many similarities as well as major differences. Some function go hand in hand while others could never be more different. The biologicalRead MoreHabituation of Exploratory Behavior in Rats - Conditioning and Learning in Psychology2285 Words   |  10 Pagesnumber of contacts and contact time. References Poucet, B., Chapuis, N., Durup, M., Thinus-Blanc, C. (1986). A study of exploratory behavior as an index of spatial knowledge in hamsters. Animal Learning Behavior, 14, 93-100 Poucet, B., Durup, M Thinus-Blanc, C. (1988). Short-term and long-term habituation of exploration in rats, hamsters, and gerbils. Behavioral Processes, 16, 203-211 Shukitt-Hale, B., Casadesus, G., Cantuti-Castelvetri

Book Review on Personal Development and Communication Skills

BOOK REVIEW ASSIGNMENT Book – Personality development and communication skills. Author - Yandamoori veerendranath. ISBN-EBK0331691 Price-120/- In this book the author tries to explain a range of psychological theories,how to develop strong intellectual and emotional personality and public speaking.Besides these,the book also focuses on how to combat one’s weakness like anger and interpersonal conflicts. Veerendranath had worked in state finance corporation of Andhra pradesh.He is a playwright,novelist,movie director,personality development motivator.There are so many books based on personality development in market but the reason for choosing this book is i am ardent fan of his writings.Personally i have attended his†¦show more content†¦Learning is a never ending process in life.Since learning is very crucial for students,author presented concept johari windows and he says that open area in that window should be as large as possible.He coined the term cerebral laziness which means mental obstructions that keep us from innovative thinking.Attitude development is very important in everyone’s life.The first step in improving attitude is knowing ones own strengths and weakness.Instead of feeling bad about weakness he urges us to change our behaviour which enhance those.Assertiveness in our thoughts,feelings express our attitude with friends,family members. The concept of communication and its significance in present generation was explained very precisely by him.Oral communication skills,written communication skills,non verbal communication are types of communication which he presented in book.written communication includes resume writing,project report.The topics of book which i like are the art of public speaking,Management of conflicts,emotional intelligence,SWOT analysis.In art of public speaking he provided so many tips for delivering good speeh. The author says that any leader should posses some qualities like emotional intelligence,working as a team,managing conflicts both intra and inter group.leaders creates managers. Even if a person have high intelligence,technical skills emotional balanceShow MoreRelatedDescription Of Personal Development Plan1032 Words   |  5 Pages Personal Development Plan Description of activity to be undertaken Activity type Benefits Timeline Resources required When completed 1.Planing of good customer services. Internal training. It will increase the ratio of customers .It will increase the finances of company. 2 months. Meetings Seminars Tea parties etc On time 2.Traning of staff on budget reports. Internal training. Provides support to upper management and increase the determination of responsibilities. 3 Months. Financial manager toRead MoreEssay about Leadership1420 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership The book entitled Successful Leadership by, Carol O’ Conner discusses seven areas that are essential for successful leadership. Developing Awareness, understanding people, power and authority, communication, decision making, creating a vision, and taking charge are important leadership requirements and skills. Seven chapters in this book are based on the seven concepts just mentioned. Chapter 1 Developing Awareness covers four aspects of the development of self-awareness: leadershipRead MoreEssay about Personal Challenges1053 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal and Professional Challenges Nursing 391 August 07, 2012 Personal and Professional Challenges Matrix Worksheet Use the following matrix to describe three personal and three professional challenges. For each challenge, describe time and stress management techniques along with personal development resources that may help a nurse overcome these challenges. |Personal Challenge |Time Management Technique |Stress Management TechniqueRead MoreCollaborative Learning1482 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the Book Review of Collaborative Learning, Stoerger said â€Å" emphasis on collaborative learning is pushing educational community to a new forms† (2008). Collaborative learning involves groups of people to work, such as completing a project or producing a product. All team members’ work sequentially to the project and towards to the same goal. It is quite difference with cooperative learning, which members work concurrently on the project and focus their personal objective (DillenbourgRead MoreCritique on Leadership: A Communication Perspective918 Words   |  4 PagesCritique on Leadership: A Communication Perspective Summary â€Å"Effective leadership is the product of the creation and delivery of inspiring and compelling messages.† (Hackman Johnson, 2009, p. 336). This book is a comprehensive review of historical insights, current theories and recent research on leadership theories and leadership issues, with an emphasis upon how effective leaders communicate. Leadership: A Communication Perspective is based on the current and somewhat American idea thatRead MorePersonal Development Review and Plan1519 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Development Stage 1 Review and Development Plan Table of Contents Page Introduction My Personal Development Review My Personal Development Plan 3 4-5 6-7 2 Introduction At the Introduction to PD workshop I identified two broad reasons why I decided to pursue my MBA. The first was to develop my competence as a manager. The second and more important reason was to advance my career by making myself more marketable. The job market today is undoubtedly very competitive and I realisedRead MoreTraining And Communications Program For An Online University1468 Words   |  6 PagesTraining and Communications Program for an Online University and Employees in Numerous Locations Introduction The goal of this training program is to contribute to the universities online and campus strategic goals. This training program is structured for all personnel at every level. It is designed to improve communications for our online university, as well as, all employees on campus using a blend of e-learning models. It will include: †¢ Methods on how to maintain important communication. †¢ ImproveRead MoreEssay on Effective Communication for Human Resource Mangers1348 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Communication for Human Resource Managers Communicating effectively is an essential competency for any professional and involves the performance of a range of first-, second- and third-person skills. This essay will discuss two predominant communication skills- feedback and questioning- that are of particular importance to the human resource (HR) management profession. A range of academic literature will be drawn upon to respectively define, describe, and relate each skill’s significanceRead MoreSelf Assesment Report1026 Words   |  5 PagesASSESSMENT REPORT NAME: MANISH KATARIA (P10556063) DATE: 15/11/10 TUTOR: NEIL SHERIFF TITLE: SELF ASSESSMENT REPORT MODULE: CORP 1520 BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS AND CREATIVITY Executive Summary Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail†. The report explains the meaning of Personal Development planning and its importance in the life of a person. I explored my learning styles using activities done in tutorials. I came to know that I am a reflectiveRead MoreManaging Human Resource Management And Its Environment1654 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Human Resources In the book Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Sixth Edition by Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, chapter one managing human resources gives an outline of human resource management, also known as (HRM), and its environment. Chapter one talks about the understanding, company performance, responsibilities, skills, ethics, and careers of human resource management. Many may know what HRM stands for, human resource management, but do we really know the true meaning

Essentials of Investment †Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. What is the discounted cash flow concept, and why is it essential for financial managers to understand and employ this important concept? 2. What are the methods associated with evaluating single or periodic payments, and what is at least 1 application of each? 3. Discuss the different methods that can be used to calculate these amounts, and explain how at least 1 of these models can be used? 4. How can the time value of money models or formulas be used to determine the rate of return for an investment or the time it will take for a current sum to grow to a desired future amount? 5. Discuss the "Rule of 72" and how it can be used to estimate how long it takes for money to double at various rates of return? 6. Identify and recommend at least 1 credible Web site that an investor can visit to find the current market value of market indexes such as the Dow Industrial Averages? Answers: 1. Discounted cash flow concept is based on the time value of money and essentially arises since money received at an earlier date is dearer than money received at a later date. This is primarily because money has an opportunity cost and hence while evaluation of projects and various financial proposals it is imperative to consider the timing of the cash flows. It is imperative for financial managers to understand this concept so that they can make prudent financial decisions with regards to investing in projects and considering various proposals for the investment of idle cash reserves of the company. The prudent application of this concept would allow the financial managers to maximise the returns on capital for the company and hence ensure superior performance (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2008). 2. The methods used for the evaluation of single or periodic payments are given below (Damodaran, 2008).. 1. Present value method This involves the calculation of the present value of the various periodic payments assuming a reasonable opportunity cost usually risk free interest rate that the person assumes to earn. This can be used to estimate the present market price of a bond based on expected future coupon payments at periodic intervals.. 2. Effective annual rate of interest - The effective annual rate of interest on the sum of money that would result in the periodic payments is also an evaluation technique. This can be used to estimate the YTM (Yield Till Maturity) of a given bond. 3. The various methods to determine this amount are given below (Kane and Marcus, 2013). 1. Annuity payment factor In order to evaluate the present value of periodic payments, the annuity payment factor needs to be determined that acts as a discount factor. As a result, the present value of the annuity can be estimated by multiplying the payment in a particular period by the factor. Hence, value of annuity = Annuity payment * Annuity payment factor 2. Cash flow discounting Another method that may be helpful especially when the periodic payments are limited to a few periods is the actual discounting of the individual annuity payments using the given rate of interest. 4. In order to determine the rate of return of investment using the time value of money, the present value of the various cash flows derived during the lifetime of the investment must be equated with the current market value of the investment. This would result in the determination of the discount factor that would lead to the rate of return of investment (Damodaran, 2008). Current price of investment = C1/(1+x) + C2/(1+x)2 + C3/(1+x)3 + ....... + Cn/(1+x)n Where n is the rate of return of investment Additionally, in order to determine the time for a particular investment to grow to a desired future amount, it is imperative to equal the future value of the current investment with the desired future value. On solving this, the time can be determined (Parrino and Kidwell, 2011). Desired future value = Amount invested * (1+ r)t Where t is the number of time periods and can be determined by using the above approach. 5. As per the Rule of 72, the time in years that is required to double the given principal in the case of compound interest is given by 72 divided by the underlying rate of interest. With regards to accuracy, this rule provides highly accurate results if the interest rate lies in the interval of 6-10%. This is a convenient tool to simplify calculations in case of compound interest. In order to estimate the time to double any given principal, input data regarding the underlying interest rate is required (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2008). For instance if the interest rate ids 8% pa, hence the time required to double the principal or investment would be 72/8 = 9 years. 6. One website that an investor can visit to find the current market value of market indexes is www.bloomberg.com . This website is highly reliable and provides the latest information with regards to not only the US stock indices but also the other significant indices around the globe. References Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2008), Principles of Corporate Finance, New York: McGraw Hill Publications Damodaran, A. (2008), Corporate Finance, London: Wiley Publications Kane, B.Z. and Marcus, A.J. (2013). Essentials of Investment, Singapore, McGraw-Hill International Parrino, R. and Kidwell, D. (2011), Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, London, Wiley Publicationsa